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Propylene glycol is a colorless and virtually odorless viscous liquid. It does not irritate the skin, but is mildly irritating to the eyes. Propylene glycol has a slightly sweet taste and is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for certain uses as food additives. Propylene glycol is hygroscopic and very stable. It has a high boiling point and low vapor pressure. Also, propylene glycol has the ability to dissolve other substances and is completely water-soluble.

The properties of propylene glycol make it perfect for a lot of specific uses in many different industries. Propylene glycol has a very broad array of practical applications and is used as a chemical ingredient in many products including anti-freezes, foods, cosmetics products, pharmaceuticals, aircraft de-icing fluids, fragrances, and personal care products.
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Yes, it almost has no side effects and the safety has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).

Some consumers are concerned when they see propylene glycol in the ingredients list of their food, and question how we can eat the food with the ingredient made of antifreeze which is harmful to humans.

FDA
Propylene glycol is a multi-functional ingredient generally recognized as safe (GRAS) that can be used as an anticaking agent, dough strengthener, emulsifier, humectant, solvent, stabilizer, thickener, texturizer and others in food. The following are the approved food uses with the maximum levels (2):

Seasonings and flavorings 97%
Confections and frostings 24%
Nuts and nut products 5%
Frozen dairy products 2.5%
Others 2.0%
EFSA
Propylene glycol (E1520) is an authorised food additive in the European Union (EU) that can be used as a carrier in “colours, emulsifiers and antioxidants”, enzymes, all flavourings and all nutrients. (3)

Safety re-evaluation in 2018
After the studies of metabolism, genotoxicity, chronic & subchronic toxicity, reproductive & developmental toxicity, and other researches, EFSA concluded there was no reason to revise the current ADI of 25 mg/kg bw per day, which was established in 1996.

EFSA did not consider propylene glycol as an allergen as a food additive. Also, although with low irritant potency, no allergy potential or immunotoxicity of propylene glycol has been reported when used in cosmetics until 2011 by Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR). (4)

JECFA
Function Class: food additives, carrier solvent, glazing agent, humectant. (5)

Acceptable daily intake: ADI “0-25 mg/kg bw” set in 1973. (6)

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Stearic acid is prepared by treating animal fat with water at a high pressure and temperature. It can also be obtained from the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Common stearic acid is actually a mix of stearic acid and palmitic acid ,although purified stearic acid is available separately.

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There is no simple answer “yes or no” to this question. If precisely, it is not an emulsifier although it can stabilize and thicken an emulsion.


However, it can be considered as an emulsifier if used together with sodium hydroxide (or in alkaline conditions) as it produces sodium stearate, which works as an emulsifier and helps oil and water phases mix well.

Benefits for skin
Stearic acid is often combined with emulsifiers to thicken and stabilize ointments, lotions, and emollients. It washes the oil, dirt, and other impurities that have accumulated on your skin away and retains moisture on the skin’s surface. Finally, it creates a cooling feel on the skin.

Pharmaceuticals
Its derivative magnesium stearate, an excipient commonly used as a lubricant in pharmaceutical tablets & capsules and supplements.

Wax
Stearic acid can be used as a wax hardener in candle production. It can not only help pillars or freestanding candles maintain their shape in a warm temperature for a long time, but also increase the whiteness of wax and help demoulding. Plus, it stabilizes the perfume and aromas for a longer time.

Soap
Stearic acid hardens the soap bar, and creates a soft & creamy lather.

Rubber
This ingredient is used as a dispersing agent and accelerate the vulcanization process in rubber.

Plastics

In the plastics industry, stearate (lead, zinc, calcium, barium, magnesium, etc.) can be used as a heat stabilizer, which can interact with HCl degraded from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to prevent PVC decomposition.



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Aspartame is a synthetic non-carbohydrate sweetener. Aspartame is widely used in carbonated beverages, fresh mints, tea, milk, jelly, ice cream, E951 is also used for calcium, solid drinks, candied fruit, moon cake, alcoholic beverages, Aspartame for fruit juice, lactic acid drinks, candy, jam / filling, instant oatmeal. Chocolate, oral, coffee, chewing gum, pastries also contain Aspartame.

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